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pp. 553-564 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.001
Yihong Liu, Jinpu Chen, Xiao Li, Muhammad Yasin Gill, Shazia Qadeer, Ying Fan, Zhi Li, Guoqian Chen
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Abstract
Nickel ore has emerged as a strategic mineral for decarbonizing the global
economy through transport electrification. However, prevailing assessments
overlook intricate interdependencies that underpin global nickel supply
chains. Here, we introduce Environmental Extended Input-Output Analysis
(EEIOA) to construct a consumption-based framework for tracing nickel
flows at regional and sectoral resolution in 2022, and evaluate the supply
security via self-sufficiency rates. Our findings reveal a profound geographical
asymmetry between extraction and final use, inducing structurally different
trade patterns. Physical trade exhibits a concentration and transfers
nickel ores from mining areas to manufacturing hubs, while embodied trade
demonstrates a decentration pattern. This is driven by the disparity of final
use, characterized by a stark contrast between China and Indonesia, the top
two users. The final use of China is structurally locked into investment-led
demand and dependent on the construction sector, contributing 84.8% of
nickel utility in fixed capital formation. Despite domestic extraction, China
faces a structural vulnerability with a self-sufficiency rate of only 24.9%
due to the greatest domestic demand. Conversely, Indonesia’s nickel utility
is primarily consumed by households and supported by transportation and
public service sectors, with a self-sufficiency rate of 97.9%. These results
provide a systemic insight into vulnerabilities of nickel supply chains and
an analytical benchmark for fairness and security in resource governance.
pp. 565-578 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.002
Nahed Bahman
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Abstract
Aviation emissions present a dual challenge, their significant contribution
to global greenhouse gas accumulation and the uneven distribution of their
impacts across present and future generations. Current life cycle assessment
(LCA) approaches often overlook the temporal dimension of these
impacts, resulting in an incomplete basis for climate policy decisions. To
address this gap, the Temporal Emissions Weighting Factors (TEWFs), a
new metric that assigns dynamic value to emissions based on their future
climate impact, is developed and applied. Using a hub-and-spoke airport
system as a case study, the paper reveals how emissions differ not only
by class and route structure but also in their temporal burden, disproportionately
affecting future populations. The integration of TEWFs into LCA
marks a shift from static carbon accounting to a dynamic, justice-sensitive
approach that considers both the timing of emissions and their unequal impacts
across generations. By embedding ethical temporal weighting, the
framework enhances impact precision while aligning LCA with principles
of intergenerational equity and climate justice. The paper also proposes a
graphical methodological framework to operationalize TEWFs in aviation
assessments. Results show that TEWF-adjusted metrics significantly alter
the distribution of emissions responsibility, offering clear pathways for equitable
climate policy and sustainable aviation planning. This research calls
for an evolution in LCA standards to include intergenerational ethics and
supports global efforts to align aviation sustainability with long-term climate
justice goals.
pp. 579-592 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.003
Saltanat Akhmedova, Aigerim Tulbayeva, Oleg Lyuterovich, Aigul Ageleuova, Galiya Faizullina
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of innovation management
on the competitiveness and sustainable development of tourism
companies in Kazakhstan. To investigate this issue, the availability and
effectiveness of innovation in tourism management in Kazakhstan were
analysed, innovative practices and statistical indicators of Kazakhstan and
leading countries in the field of tourism were compared. The study thoroughly
examined the introduction of innovation management in the tourism
industry of Kazakhstan, France, Spain, Italy in the aspects of digitalisation,
ecotourism development, cultural tourism, sustainable development.
It was found that Kazakhstan demonstrates major efforts in modernising
its tourism infrastructure, but there are substantial barriers to achieving the
level of international leaders, including lack of human resources, problems
with digitalisation in remote regions, limited opportunities to implement
innovations at the national level. The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected
the tourism industry, which is reflected in the statistics. In 2020, the
number of inbound tourists in Kazakhstan fell by 76%, compared to 46% in
France. The findings highlighted the need for structural changes in tourism
management in Kazakhstan, including strengthening human resource capacity,
addressing the imbalance in the digitalisation of regions, which will
enable the country to adapt to global challenges.
pp. 593-604 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.004
Alfred Lako, Dorotea Lako
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Abstract
The study aimed to formulate recommendations for improving microclimate
conditions, which contribute to the creation of a comfortable and
healthy environment for people, addressing innovative solutions. The study
was based on a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations of
urban microclimate, the impact of physical, chemical, biological factors on
its formation, and used comparative analysis methods. The effectiveness
of existing climate control technologies was assessed for different types of
public spaces, such as offices, schools, hospitals. The study demonstrated
that the microclimate of public spaces significantly depends on the physical
parameters of the space, such as building height, shading, natural ventilation,
surface materials used. The integration of green spaces, natural ventilation,
regulated air conditioning systems significantly improved thermal
comfort. The analysis confirmed that physical factors such as ventilation,
building insulation, solar radiation, and chemical factors such as air quality
and pollution levels, significantly impact the creation of a comfortable
environment. Existing climate control technologies, such as natural ventilation
systems, energy-efficient air conditioning systems, innovative surface
coatings, were analysed for their effectiveness and potential for implementation
in different types of public spaces. Based on the data obtained, recommendations
were developed to optimise the microclimate, addressing
the specifics of the buildings.
pp. 605-618 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.005
Oleh Semenenko, Uzef Dobrovolskyi, Yurii Kliat, Maksym Samsonenko, Nataliia Myronenko
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Abstract
The study is aimed at analysing the impact of military actions on Ukraine’s
forest ecosystems and their consequences for the country’s economy and
security. The research employed methods of comprehensive analysis, an
assessment of the impact of military actions on the ecological state of
forest ecosystems and their economic repercussions. The findings reveal
that military actions significantly degrade the condition of Ukraine’s forest
ecosystems, causing their mass destruction and degradation. Damage to
forest stands from shelling and explosions leads to substantial losses of tree
biomass, disruption of natural ecosystem recovery processes. The destruction
of forests adversely affects soil cover, exacerbating erosion processes,
diminishing land fertility. It has been established that this, in turn, worsens
the environmental situation, which may have serious consequences for human
health, the resilience of natural habitats. The study demonstrates that
the degradation of forest resources has severe economic implications for
the country: reduced timber harvesting volumes, diminished recreational
potential of forests, increased costs for ecosystem restoration. The results
of this research can be utilized by government agencies, environmental organizations,
scholars, to develop effective strategies for forest ecosystem
restoration, assess environmental risks, formulate national policies on environmental
security and resilience to the consequences of military conflicts.
pp. 619-636 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.006
Alla Sokolova, Olena Kilnitska, Tetiana Shvets, Larysa Levkivska, Taras Dotsenko
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Abstract
This study focuses on government initiatives aimed at ensuring environmental
security in Ukraine’s agricultural sector, including the identification
of key obstacles and potential ways to improve these initiatives. The
methodology involved the analysis of official reports and statistical data
using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, such as statistical
tools and cost-benefit analysis, supplemented by comparison with
international experience from countries including Germany, France, Denmark,
Poland. The results show that funding for environmental security programmes
in Ukrainian agriculture has demonstrated gradual growth, with
fluctuations caused by external factors. In 2022, due to the war, funding fell
to approximately UAH 160 million, but by 2024, it had increased to around
UAH 605 million. The effectiveness of environmental security programmes
in Ukrainian agriculture is supported by the outcomes observed in different
regions. The study highlights several issues hindering the development of
budget-funded programmes, notably bureaucratic delays and insufficient financial
support. As a result of the study, key directions for the development
of the sector were proposed. The findings may be applied in the development
of policies that facilitate farmers’ access to financing and promote the
adoption of environmentally sound technologies.
pp. 637-648 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.007
Anakhanim Yusifova, Lamiya Huseynova, Azer Agarzayev, Samira Rustamova, Valida Safarova
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Abstract
This study explores the geographical, institutional, technological aspects
of forest genetic resource management under the conditions of global
change, using the examples of European Union countries (Austria, Germany,
France, Sweden, Spain), the People’s Republic of China, Azerbaijan.
The aim of the research was to identify effective adaptive mechanisms
for preserving forest gene pools in regions with varying levels of institutional
development, implementation of eco-innovations, access to digital
technologies. The research involved the analysis of changes in the distribution
of key tree species based on satellite indices, examination of the
structure of digital and biotechnological solutions in the forestry sector, assessment
of the dynamics of the eco-innovation index. It was found that
EU countries demonstrated the highest level of scientific technology integration
into forest policy: forest areas restored with the use of innovations
increased from 38.2 thousand hectares in 2020 to 61.5 thousand hectares
in 2024. In China, the equivalent figure rose from 22.0 to 54.6 thousand
hectares, in Azerbaijan – from 4.5 to 7.8 thousand hectares. The practical
relevance of the study lies in the potential application of its findings for
adapting national forest conservation programmes to climate change challenges,
improving mechanisms of international coordination in this field.
pp. 649-661 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.008
Maksym Votinov, Olga Smirnova, Tatyana Ryshchenko, Wiame Belegchour, Kaoutar Shabbuba
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to comprehensively analyse the impact
of innovative technologies on improving energy efficiency, environmental
safety, and functionality of architectural solutions in housing and public
construction in various climatic and socio-economic conditions. The
methodological basis of the study was an overview of publications, industry
reports, engineering solutions and examples of implemented projects in
Spain, the United Arab Emirates, New Zealand, Chile, Canada, Italy, and
the United Kingdom in the period 2020-2025. As a result of the study, it
was determined that the use of materials with phase change properties significantly
reduced heat loss, in particular, in Italy by 39.4% (from 58.1 to
35.2 kWh/m2/year), and in Canada – up to 41% reduction in heat gain. Automated
building management systems have reduced energy consumption
by 20-35%, as in the project in the UK – by 28% (from 1,823 to 1,312
MWh/year). Three-dimensional printing technologies have reduced construction
time by 25-30% (UAE: from 120 to 42 days; New Zealand: from
130 to 78 days), and CO2 emissions – up to 47% (UAE: from 1154.2 to
608.55 kg CO2 eq). Modular structures have reduced construction time by
more than 90% (Chile: 6 days). The integration of technologies, including
Phase Change Materials and automated building management systems,
has increased operational efficiency to 41.3% (Canada) and reduced CO2
emissions by 50%. In hot climates (UAE, Spain), 3D printing was used to
speed up housing construction, while in the UK and Canada, the main focus
was on automated building management systems and heat storage Phase
Change Materials. The results obtained can be used to develop regulatory
requirements, improve design approaches, and train specialists in the field
of sustainable architectural development.
pp. 663-677 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.009
Mirgul Soltogulova, Baktygul Abdraimova, Meerim Namazalieva, Nasikat Alieva, Gulzaada Abdralieva
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the impact of external environmental
factors and financial instruments on the development of sustainable
ecotourism in mountain regions. The methodology included surveys
and correlation analysis, with the primary focus on analysing external
factors and financial instruments applied in mountain regions. The survey
revealed differences in perceptions of support between local residents
and entrepreneurs, particularly in terms of the availability of financial resources
and participation in ecotourism initiatives. The correlation analysis
confirmed that a high level of investment in ecotourism was associated
with positive evaluations of its development. Specifically, among respondents
who indicated high investment levels, 70% rated the development as
“high” or “very high”. In contrast, among those who reported low investment
levels, positive ratings did not exceed 30%. These findings highlight
the importance of creating a favourable investment environment. Additionally,
the analysis of external factors, including natural and climatic limitations,
transport accessibility, and administrative barriers, revealed their
impact on the implementation of ecotourism projects in mountain regions.
The study also identified the most effective financial instruments, such as
public-private partnerships, grant support, andmixed financing models. The
practical significance of the results lies in their potential use for developing
support programs for ecotourism in mountain regions, including the creation
of financial mechanisms aimed at stimulating investments, as well as
providing recommendations for government bodies and local communities
to enhance the effectiveness of implemented initiatives.
pp. 679-702 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.010
Halina Harbar, Iryna Banyeva, Tetiana Ivanenko, Viktor Kushniruk, Svitlana Pavliuk
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify the patterns of interrelation between
economic policy, local development strategies of tourism and the hotel industry
of the Southern region of Ukraine, in particular Odesa and Mykolaiv
regions, in the context of ensuring sustainable development and increasing
the competitiveness of the hospitality industry. The methodology was based
on a combination of analysis of official statistical data, macroeconomic indicators,
and practical case studies of tourism enterprises’ operations. As a
result of the study, a number of quantitative indicators were obtained that reflect
the dynamics of the hospitality sector in 2020–2024. Thus, the number
of hotel visitors in Mykolaiv region decreased from 42.1 thousand people
in 2020 to 15.4 thousand in 2022; however, in 2024 the indicator recovered
to 28.7 thousand, indicating a gradual recovery of tourist flows. At the
same time, the revenues of the hotel and restaurant sector in the region fell
by more than 40% in 2020–2022, and tax revenues decreased from UAH
18.2 million in 2020 to UAH 7.6 million in 2022, with a subsequent partial
recovery to UAH 12.4 million in 2024. A more stable dynamic was
recorded for Odesa region: in 2023, hotels in the region served about 280
thousand tourists, and total revenues exceeded UAH 1.1 billion, showing
a 15% increase compared to 2022. The average profitability level of hospitality
enterprises in Odesa ranged from 12% to 14%, while in Mykolaiv
it remained at 7% to 9%, reflecting regional asymmetry of development.
The results obtained summarise the development trends of the hospitality
industry and have practical significance for formulating recommendations
to optimise the management of the tourism sector of the Southern region
to ensure sustainable growth and preserve its cultural and environmental
potential.
pp. 703-717 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.011
Gulzat Dzhidibaeva, Chinara Adamkulova, Saltanat Omurova, Nelli Akylbekova, Elvira Satylganova
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Abstract
The objective of the study was to identify the impact of innovative technologies on the productivity of agricultural systems and environmental sustainability. In Kazakhstan, digital monitoring systems were used on 640,000 hectares (9.5\% of land), and in Kyrgyzstan, on 42,000 hectares (6.3\%). Drones provided mapping with a resolution of 5 and 6.5 cm/pixel, reducing erosion by 8.6\% and 6.1\%, respectively, while no improvement was observed in the control fields. Internet of Things sensors increased the accuracy of frost forecasts to 93.4\% in Kazakhstan and 89.6\% in Kyrgyzstan, protecting 4,800 and 620 hectares of orchards from significant losses during monitoring. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis detected plant stress 12-15 and 8-10 days earlier than visual signs, reducing mortality by 11.7\% and 8.9\%, respectively, compared with 19.6\% and 15.7\% in the control fields. The introduction of green energy increased productivity. Solar panels covered 62\% and 55\% of energy needs, generating 520-540 and 480-500 kWh/ha, respectively, and increasing greenhouse crop yields by 12.5\%, compared with 2-3\% in the control fields. Biogas plants produced 4,100 and 2,900 m$^3$/month, covering 38\% and 33\% of heating requirements, increasing germination by 6.7\% and 5.9-6.2\%, and corn yield by 7.0\% and 8.1\%. Small hydropower plants covered 47\% and 41\% of pumping station demand, respectively, increasing irrigation productivity by 18.2\% and 15-16\%, and providing yield increases (wheat +8.5-10.4\%, potato +9.2\%). The final results showed that the experimental fields in both countries demonstrated increased yields, improved soil properties, and reduced losses, while the control areas continued to experience resource overuse and yield shortfalls. The practical value of the study lies in the potential use of the data obtained to develop digitalisation strategies and implement green energy in the agricultural sector.
pp. 719-731 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.012
Vilayat Ismayilov, Vusala Babayeva, Ummuhabiba Galandarova, Parvana Mammadova, Abdulhuseyn Zamanov
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine how the implementation of green
transportation solutions can reduce costs and minimise negative environmental
impacts in production systems. A comprehensive analysis was conducted
on the adoption of green transportation in industrial and logistics
systems, assessing its economic, environmental, and practical effectiveness.
The study found that the integration of green transportation solutions in
production systems generates significant economic and environmental benefits.
The transition to electric and hydrogen transport reduces fuel costs
from approximately EUR 15 to EUR 5 per 100 km, representing a saving
of about 66%. At the same time, annual maintenance costs decrease from
EUR 1,100 to EUR 500 per passenger car, corresponding to a reduction of
almost 55%. The findings showed that the use of environmentally friendly
transport reduces CO2 emissions from 19 kg to 2 kg per 100 km, while
nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulphur oxides (SOx) emissions decrease from
approximately 0.7 kg/year to less than 0.05 kg/year. In addition, noise levels
fall from 72 dB to 52 dB, which positively influences the microclimate of
production workshops and the health of workers. Practical examples from
the USA, Germany, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and EU countries
demonstrated the effectiveness of integrating electric transport with
logistics optimisation systems, which reduce losses from approximately
13% to 6%, alongside renewable energy that provides 35-40% of demand
coverage. Companies adopting such solutions gain competitive advantages
by improving their image and business sustainability. Overall, the results
confirm that environmentally friendly transport lowers economic costs and
makes a significant contribution to the sustainable development and environmental
safety of production systems. The findings of this study can be
applied by enterprises and logistics companies to enhance efficiency and
reduce environmental burdens.
pp. 731-742 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.013
Anda Bakute, Jovita Pilecka-Ulcugaceva, Inga Grinfelde
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the potential of the conceptual hydrological
model Meteorological and Environmental Tools for Quantification
(METQ) to forecast agroecological risks in agricultural landscapes of
Latvia, taking climate change into account. The methodology was based on
modelling the water balance, groundwater level dynamics, owerland flow
and nutrient transport in catchments with intensive land use, particularly
in the basins of Lake Burtnieks, the River Salaca and the River Svete. The
results obtained showed that a decrease in the intensity of spring snowmelt
leads to a reduction in spring runoff by an average of ∼20%, while an increase
in the number of winter thaws and rain events causes an increase
in winter runoff by an average of ∼25%. This creates a dual risk for agriculture:
moisture deficiency at the beginning of the growing season and
seasonal flooding during the cold period. Modelling of extreme hydrological
events demonstrated an increase in the surface runoff coefficient to
0.40-0.55, thereby increasing the threat of soil water erosion. Cartographic
analysis identified the most vulnerable areas, mainly drained arable lands
and slopes with sandy and sandy-loam soils. The study of nutrient transport
revealed that during periods of spring snowmelt runoff and intense rainfall,
nitrogen concentrations increase by 20-25% and phosphorus concentrations
by 1.5-2 times, creating risks of eutrophication in surface water bodies. In
addition, statistically significant (p<0.05) changes in the seasonal distribution
of runoff and nutrient concentrations were confirmed. The practical
significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the results
by agricultural producers, land reclamation services, environmental institutions
and agricultural policy bodies to optimise water use, crop planning
and reduce agroecological risks in Latvia.
pp. 743-758 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.014
Gulbaram Kulakhmetova, Anna Ableeva, Bauyrzhan Pazylkhaiyr, Marat Khozhayev, Abdinur Sultangaliyev
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Abstract
The purpose of the study is to identify new opportunities for applying ecological
and marketing strategies to develop urban green tourism, reduce environmental
impact, and increase the economic benefits for local communities
using the examples of Almaty (Republic of Kazakhstan) and Seoul
(South Korea). The study employs a comparative analysis method to evaluate
and compare the principles of ecotourism and marketing strategies applied
in the cities of Almaty and Seoul to identify their contributions to
sustainable urban development. The methodological approach includes the
analysis of statistical data from official websites such as the Department
of Tourism of Almaty, the Korean Statistical Information Service, Trading
Economics, and information sources such as Peek Pro, Regiondo, Switch-
Asia, Ecotourism World, Visit Seoul Net, and the international marketing
agency Play Media. The main results of the study include the exploration of
the impact of green tourism and the definition of the terms “green tourism”
and “sustainable tourism”; identification of prospects for solving problems
through the development of green tourism in cities; formulation of strategies
for attracting and implementing digital technologies in green tourism.
Using statistical data, an analysis is conducted on the number of tourists
who visited the cities of Almaty and Seoul from 2019 to 2023 and the revenue
generated from these tourists during the specified period to assess
the potential for green tourism development. Through comparative analysis,
similarities and differences in approaches to developing green tourism
in Almaty and Seoul are identified. Recommendations aimed at supporting
and developing green tourism in Almaty and Seoul are developed. The
findings confirm the necessity of sustainable tourism development in urban
environments. The effective use of ecotourism principles and marketing
research can become an important tool for creating urban green tourism,
which benefits tourists, local communities, and the environment.
pp. 759-770 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.015
Tianyang Gao
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Abstract
This study addresses the critical disconnect between engineering design
and environmental impact assessment in deep-sea mining by proposing
a universal, logistics-oriented evaluation framework. By reconceptualizing
the mining process as an integrated material flow system comprising
five invariant stages-Collection, Lifting, Temporary Storage, Transshipment,
and Receiving-the framework treats environmental externalities not
as peripheral concerns but as intrinsic logistics constraints. A deterministic
logic chain, termed “Characteristics-Demands-Adaptability,”is established
to transparently translate geological and environmental heterogeneity into
comparable engineering requirements. Through its application to three geologically
distinct mining provinces-the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, the Western
Pacific, and the Eastern Pacific-the framework demonstrates its discriminatory
power by yielding context-specific technical recommendations
without reliance on site-specific numerical simulations. Ultimately, this
method facilitates early-stage screening and strategic planning by aligning
commercial objectives with environmental accounting, offering a robust
decision-support tool for sustainable resource development.
pp. 771-787 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.016
Hua Zhou, Jiacheng Wang, Jiachen Fan, Shiyu Hao
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Abstract
Forest conservation can generate far-reaching economic and trade effects,
with significant heterogeneity across countries. This paper empirically examines
the North-South disparities in the trade-related impacts of forest
protection, focusing specifically on export stability. The findings reveal an
inverted U-shaped relationship between forest cover in exporting countries
and the stability of product exports from developed economies, while no
significant effect is observed for developing countries. Mechanism analysis
suggests that this impact in developed countries operates primarily
through changes in domestic labor market characteristics and international
labor mobility. Compared to high-tech products, the export stability of
low-tech products is more susceptible to changes in forest coverage. Extended
analysis indicates that promoting the adoption of industrial robots
and the increases in health-related expenditures can help mitigate the potential
adverse effects of increased forest cover. These findings contribute
to a more comprehensive understanding and management of the potential
trade-related effects of forest protection under varying national contexts.
pp. 787-798 | DOI: 10.5890/JEAM.2026.12.017
Nguyen Thanh Trung
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Abstract
This study explores the impact of green accounting financing (GAF) on climate
risks (CR) across 34 European nations from 2005 to 2022. Employing
advanced statistical techniques, our analysis confirms that GAF significantly
mitigates environmental risks. This relationship persists even after
accounting for variables such as democratization levels and trade shares,
which may influence the GAF-CR dynamic in varied ways. Notably, the
mitigative effects of GAF on CR are more pronounced over the long term.
To validate these outcomes, the research utilizes multiple GAF indicators,
illustrating that different types of GAF can effectively reduce CR, particularly
under specific population state and economic conditions. The study
further indicates that solid institutional frameworks within these European
countries enhance the efficacy of GAF mechanisms in reducing climate
risks.
