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Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management 14(1) (2026) 25--33 | DOI:10.5890/JEAM.2026.03.003

T.M.C. Priyanka$^1$, A. Gowrisankar$^1$, T. Sathiyaraj$^2$, Yang Cao$^3$

$^1$ Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India

$^2$ Institute of Actuarial Science and Data Analytics, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia

$^3$ School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China

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Abstract

This paper introduces fractal-fractional repellors which mirror their corresponding fractal-fractional attractors of chaotic systems. Repellors are interesting if there exists special attractors when time is reversed. The phase diagrams of fractal-fractional derivative of rotationally invariant system are presented to discuss its dynamic evolution when a plane of equilibria is introduced. The degree of complexity and chaotic nature of fractal-fractional repellors are observed using time histories upon modifying both fractal and fractional orders. In addition, results are obtained to assure that the repellors underlying the fractal-fractional system possess multifractal structure which in turn reveals the non-uniform distribution of points.

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