[ Log In | Register]
! Skip Navigation Links
Skip Navigation Links
Image of Journal of Applied Nonlinear Dynamics
ISSN:2325-6192 (print)
ISSN:2325-6206 (online)
Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management
António Mendes Lopes (editor), Jiazhong Zhang(editor)
António Mendes Lopes (editor)

University of Porto, Portugal

Email: aml@fe.up.pt

Jiazhong Zhang (editor)

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China

Fax: +86 29 82668723 Email: jzzhang@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

Corporate Board Attributes, Institutional Strength and Energy Disclosure Practices for Controlling Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Nigeria

Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management 12(2) (2024) 201--219 | DOI:10.5890/JEAM.2024.06.007

R. S. Jibril, M. A. Isa$^{2}$, K. T. Hamid$^{2}$, Z. S. Maigoshi$^{2}$

$^1$ Department of Accountancy, Kano State Polytechnic, Kano, Nigeria

$^2$ Department of Accounting, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria

Download Full Text PDF

 

Abstract

This study examines how board attributes influence quality and quantity disclosure of energy consumed by the listed non-financial firms for the period of 5 years (2016 -- 2020). The study aims at providing empirical evidence on how institutional strength influences the relationship between board attributes and firms' energy in reducing emission discharges and achieving sustainable development goals on world climate policy. The study obtained data from a sample of 78 listed non-financial firms, content analysis technique was employed to compute energy disclosure indexes using Global Reporting Initiatives standards. The study runs a generalized method of movement (GMM) to regulate the impending endogeneity of the selected listed companies in Nigeria. The study also conducted several to robust the findings. The overall results found that board independence has a significant but negative relationship with energy disclosure. Conversely, board ownership and institutional strength have a positive and significant relationship with the energy disclosure. The study documents a significant positive relationship between board independence moderated by institutional strength and energy disclosure. This indicates that institutional strength strengthens the relationship between board independence and energy disclosure. Thus, the United Nation should work hand in hand with governance regulator to poster board independence which will help in embracing the Global Reporting Initiatives standards as the most widely used Environmental, Social and Governance globally. This will expose the peculiarities of most developing nations like Nigeria in adopting the standards and way forwards to attain Sustainable Development Goals 13.

References

  1. [1]  Wang, S., Wang, H., Wang, J., and Yang, F. (2020), Science of the total environment: Does environmental information disclosure contribute to improve firm financial performance? An examination of the underlying mechanism, Science of the Total Environment, 714(96), 136855.
  2. [2]  Zhang, T. and Xie, L. (2020), The protected polluters: Empirical evidence from the national environmental information disclosure program in China, Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120343.
  3. [3]  Hardiyansah, M., Agustini, A.T., and Purnamawati, I. (2021), The effect of carbon emission disclosure on firm value: environmental performance and industrial type, Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(1), 123-133.
  4. [4]  Purwantini, C.F., Faisal, I., and Januati, A.D. (2019), The relationship between environmental performance and th extent of environmental disclosure, Humanities $\&$ Social Sciences Reviews, 7(4), 493--501.
  5. [5]  Plumlee, M., Brown, D., Hayes, R.M., and Marshall, R.S. (2015), Voluntary environmental disclosure quality and firm value, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 7(2), 1-26.
  6. [6]  Sun, W., Ding, Z., and Price, J. (2020), Board structure and fi rm capability?: An environment-embedded relationship between board diversity and marketing capability, Industrial Marketing Management, 90, 14-29.
  7. [7]  Sial, M.S., Cherian, J., Anh, P., Talles, T., and Brugni, V. (2021), The role of carbon accounting in carbon management system: Empirical evidence from the coastal areas of the world, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 22(4), 1-6.
  8. [8]  Ellim\"{a}ki, P., G{o}mez-Bola\~{n}os, E., Hurtado-Torres, N., and Arag{o}n-Correa, J.A. (2021), Do global firms increase their environmental disclosure and performance? Symbolic versus effective operations and the moderating role of liability of origin. Legitimation implications, Industrial Marketing Management, 92, 354-363.
  9. [9]  Manita, R., Bruna, M.G., Dang, R., and Houanti, L. (2018), Board gender diversity and ESG disclosure: evidence from the USA, Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 19(2), 206-224.
  10. [10]  Peters, G.F. and Romi, A.M. (2014), Does the voluntary adoption of corporate governance mechanisms improve environmental risk disclosures? Evidence from greenhouse gas emission accounting, Journal of Business Ethics, 125, 637-666.
  11. [11]  Matsumura, E.M., Prakash, R., and Vera-Mu\~{n}oz, S.C. (2014), Firm-value effects of carbon emissions and carbon disclosures, Accounting Review, 89(2), 695-724.
  12. [12]  Krishnamurti, C. and Velayutham, E. (2018), The influence of board committee structures on voluntary disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions: Australian evidence, Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 50, 65-81.
  13. [13]  Clarkson, P.M., Li, Y., Richardson, G.D., and Vasvari, F.P. (2008), Revisiting the relation between environmental performance and environmental disclosure: An empirical analysis, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 33(4), 303-327.
  14. [14]  IISD, I.I. for sustainable D. (2021), 13 Clamate action. Governments Adopt Glasgow Climate Pact, Operationalize Paris Agreement. https://sdg.iisd.org/news/governments-adopt-glasgow-climate-pact-operationalize-paris-agreement/
  15. [15]  Khaireddine, H. (2020), Impact of board characteristics on governance, environmental and ethical disclosure, Society and Business Review, 15(3), 1-23.
  16. [16]  Tingbani, I., Chithambo, L., and Papanikolaou, N. (2020), Board gender diversity, environmental committee and greenhouse gas voluntary disclosures, Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(6), 2194-2210.
  17. [17]  Moussa, T. (2019), Can board environmental orientation improve U. S. firms' carbon performance? The mediating role of carbon strategy, Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(1), 72-86.
  18. [18]  Qureshi, M.A., Kirkerud, S., and Theresa, K. (2019), The impact of sustainability (environmental, social, and governance) disclosure and board diversity on firm value: The moderating role of industry sensitivity, Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(3), 1199-1214.
  19. [19]  Shahab, Y. and Chen, Y. (2020), Chief executive officer attributes, sustainable performance, environmental performance, and environmental reporting: New insights from upper echelons perspective, Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(1), 1-16.
  20. [20]  Aliyu, U.S. (2018), Board characteristic and corporate environmental reporting in Nigeria, Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 4(1), 2-17.
  21. [21]  Kathy Rao, K., Tilt, C.A., and Lester, L.H. (2012), Corporate governance and environmental reporting: An Australian study, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 12(2), 143-163.
  22. [22]  Ofoegbu, G.N., Odoemelam, N., and Okafor, R.G. (2018), Corporate board characteristics and environmental disclosure quantity: Evidence from South Africa (integrated reporting) and Nigeria (traditional reporting), Cogent Business and Management, 5(1), 1-27.
  23. [23]  Aboagye‐Otchere, F.K., Simpson, S.N.Y., and Kusi, J.A. (2020), The influence of environmental performance on environmental disclosures: An empirical study in Ghana, Business Strategy and Development, 3(1), 98-111.
  24. [24]  Rezaee, Z., Alipour, M., Faraji, O., Ghanbari, M., and Jamshidinavid, B. (2021), Environmental disclosure quality and risk: the moderating effect of corporate governance, Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 12(4), 733-766.
  25. [25]  Kilincarslan, E., Elmagrhi, M.H., and Li, Z. (2020), Impact of governance structures on environmental disclosures in the Middle East and Africa, Corporate Governance, 20(4), 739-763.
  26. [26]  Mohammad, W.M.W. and Wasiuzzaman, S. (2021), Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) disclosure, competitive advantage and performance of firms in Malaysia, Cleaner Environmental Systems, 2, 100015.
  27. [27]  Alipour, M., Ghanbari, M., Jamshidinavid, B., and Taherabadi, A. (2019), Does board independence moderate the relationship between environmental disclosure quality and performance? Evidence from static and dynamic panel data, Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society.
  28. [28]  Haladu, A. and Bin-Nashwan, S.A. (2022), The moderating effect of environmental agencies on firms' sustainability reporting in Nigeria, Social Responsibility Journal, 18(2), 388-402.
  29. [29]  Jibril, R.S., Isa, M.A., and Maigoshi, Z.S. (2022), Corporate board gender, institutional strength and energy disclosure in Nigeria. International Journal of Chines and Foreing Economics, 15(3), 316-331.
  30. [30]  Al-Qahtani, M. and Elgharbawy, A. (2020), The effect of board diversity on disclosure and management of greenhouse gas information: evidence from the United Kingdom, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 33(6), 1557-1579.
  31. [31]  K\i l\i\c{c}, M. and Kuzey, C. (2017), Factors influencing sustainability reporting: evidence from Turkey. Available at SSRN 3098812.
  32. [32]  Fakoya, M.B. and Nakeng, M.V. (2019), Board characteristics and sustainable energy performance of selected companies in South Africa, Sustainable Production and Consumption, 18(1), 190-199.
  33. [33]  GRI. (2021), Our mission and history. Global Reporting Intiative. https://www.globalreporting.org/about-gri/mission-history/.
  34. [34]  World Economic Forum. (2021), Fostering Effective Energy Transition 2021 edition (Issue April).
  35. [35]  Ezhilarasi, G. and Kabra, K.C. (2017), The impact of corporate governance attributes on environmental disclosures: Evidence from India, Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 10(1), 24-43.
  36. [36]  Fama, E.F. and Jensen, M.C. (1983), Separation of ownership and control, Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 301-325
  37. [37]  Mallin, C., Melis, A., and Gaia, S. (2015), The remuneration of independent directors in the UK and Italy: An empirical analysis based on agency theory, International Business Review, 24(2), 175-186.
  38. [38]  Lo, A.W.Y., Wong, R.M.K., and Firth, M. (2010), Can corporate governance deter management from manipulating earnings? Evidence from related-party sales transactions in China, Journal of Corporate Finance, 16(2), 225-235.
  39. [39]  Chen, C.J.P. and Jaggi, B. (2001), Association between independent non-executive directors, family control and financial disclosures in Hong Kong, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 19(4), 285-310.
  40. [40]  Ferreira, D., Ferreira, M.A., and Raposo, C.C. (2011), Board structure and price informativeness, Journal of Financial Economics, 99(3), 523-545.
  41. [41]  Patelli, L. and Prencipe, A. (2007), The Relationship between voluntary disclosure and independent directors in the presence of a dominant shareholder, European Accounting Review, 16(1), 5-33.
  42. [42]  Baalouch, F., Ayadi, S.D., and Hussainey, K. (2019), A study of the determinants of environmental disclosure quality: evidence from French listed companies, Journal of Management and Governance, 23, 939-971.
  43. [43]  Ikhenade, F.A.O. (2020), Board independence and enviromental disclosure in nigeria: evidence from selected firms, Ilorin Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(1), 47-60.
  44. [44]  Kanashiro, P. (2020), Can environmental governance lower toxic emissions? A panel study of US high‐polluting industries, Business Strategy and the Environment, ~29(4), 1634-1646.
  45. [45]  Eriabie, S.O. and Odia, J. (2016), The influence corporate governance attributes on corporate social and environmental disclosure quality in Nigeria, ESUT Journal of Accountancy, ~7(1), 217-235.
  46. [46]  Jouber, H. (2020), Corporate social responsibility and earnings quality: Do institutional features matter? Journal of Global Responsibility, 11(1), 54-92.
  47. [47]  Saleh, M.W.A., Latif, R.A., Bakar, F.A., and Maigoshi, Z.S. (2020), The impact of multiple directorships, board characteristics, and ownership on the performance of Palestinian listed companies, International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation, 16(1), 63-80.
  48. [48]  Koji, K., Adhikary, B.K., and Tram, L. (2020), Corporate governance and firm performance: a comparative analysis between listed family and non-family firms in Japan, Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(9), 215.
  49. [49]  Shahbaz, M., Karaman, A.S., Kilic, M., and Uyar, A. (2020), Board attributes, CSR engagement, and corporate performance: what is the nexus in the energy sector?,~Energy Policy,~143, 111582.
  50. [50]  Dienes, D. and Velte, P. (2016), The impact of supervisory board composition on CSR reporting. Evidence from the German two-tier system, Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(1), 1-20.
  51. [51]  Alhassan, A.L. and Boakye, M.A.A. (2020), Board characteristics and life insurance efficiency in South Africa, Pacific Accounting Review, 32(2), 217-237.
  52. [52]  Jibril, R.S. and Maikano, H.A. (2022), The impact of audit committee attributes on financial performance of listed consumer industries in Nigeria, TSU-International Journal of Accounting and Finance, 1(3), 260-283.
  53. [53]  Okpala, O.P. and Iredele, O.O. (2018), Corporate social and environmental disclosures and market value of listed firms in Nigeria,~Copernican Journal of Finance $\&$ Accounting,~7(3), 9-28.
  54. [54]  Odoemelam, N. and Okafor, R.G. (2018), The influence of corporate governance on environmental disclosure of listed non-financial firms in Nigeria,~Indonesian Journal of Sustainability Accounting and Management,~2(1), 25-49.
  55. [55]  Jaskiewicz, P. and Klein, S. (2007), The impact of goal alignment on board composition and board size in family businesses, Journal of Business Research, 60, 1080-1089.
  56. [56]  Coles, J.L., Daniel, N.D., and Naveen, L. (2008), Boards: Does one size fit all?, Journal of Financial Economics, 87, 329-356.
  57. [57]  Michelon, G. and Parbonetti, A. (2012), The effect of corporate governance on sustainability disclosure, Journal of Management $\&$ Governance, 16(3), 477-509.
  58. [58]  Husted, B.W. and Sousa-Filho, J.M. (2019), Board structure and environmental, social, and governance disclosure in Latin America, Journal of Business Research, 102(1), 220-227.
  59. [59]  Emmanuel, O. and Teddy, O. (2019), Corporate diversity and corporate social environmental disclosure of listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria, Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16(3), 1-17.
  60. [60]  Haladu, A. and Beri, M.H. (2016), Board characteristics and sustainability reporting: Environmental agencies' moderating effects, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(4), 1525-1533.
  61. [61]  Ganapathy, E., Kabra, K.C., Ezhilarasi, G., and Kabra, K.C. (2017), The impact of corporate governance attributes on environmental disclosures: Evidence from India, Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 10(1), 24-43.
  62. [62]  Pareek, R., Pandey, K.D., and Sahu, T.N. (2019), Corporate governance, firms' characteristics and environmental performance disclosure practices of Indian Companies, Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 12(2), 142-155.
  63. [63]  Tseng, M.L., Chang, C.H., Lin, C.W., Nguyen, T.T.H., and Lim, M.K. (2020), Environmental responsibility drives board structure and financial and governance performance: A cause and effect model with qualitative information, Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 1-32.
  64. [64]  Odewale, R.W. (2020), Board attributes and voluntary disclosure in an emerging economy: Evidence from Nigeria, Afro-Asian Journal of Finance and Accounting, 10(3), 341-363.
  65. [65]  Oba, V.C. and Fodio, M. I. (2012), Board characteristics and the quality of environmental reporting in Nigeria, The Journal of Accounting and Management, 2(2), 33-48.
  66. [66]  Reguera-Alvarado, N. and Bravo-Urquiza, F. (2020), The impact of board diversity and voluntary risk disclosure on financial outcomes. A case for the manufacturing industry,~Gender in Management: An International Journal,~35(5), 445-462.
  67. [67]  Ofoegbu, G.N., Odoemelam, N., and Okafor, R.G. (2018), Corporate board characteristics and environmental disclosure quantity: Evidence from South Africa and Nigeria, Cogent Business and Management, 5(1), 1-27.
  68. [68]  Atif, M., Hossain, M., Alam, M.S., and Goergen, M. (2021), Does board gender diversity affect renewable energy consumption?,~Journal of Corporate Finance,~66, 101665.
  69. [69]  Beji, R., Yousfi, O., Loukil, N., and Omri, A. (2020), Board diversity and corporate social responsibility: Empirical evidence from France, Journal of Business Ethics, 3(2), 1-23.
  70. [70]  Haque, F. and Jones, M.J. (2020), European firms' corporate biodiversity disclosures and board gender diversity from 2002 to 2016, British Accounting Review, 52(2), 100893.
  71. [71]  Akbas, H.E. (2016), The relationship between board characteristics and environmental disclosure, South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 11(2), 7-19.
  72. [72]  Fernandes, S.M., Bornia, A.C., and Nakamura, L.R. (2018), The influence of boards of directors on environmental disclosure.~Management Decision, 57(9), 2358-2382.
  73. [73]  Shamil, M.M., Shaikh, J.M., Ho, P.L., and Krishnan, A. (2014), The influence of board characteristics on sustainability reporting: Empirical evidence from Sri Lankan firms, Asian Review of Accounting, 22(2), 78-97.
  74. [74]  Jensen, M.C. and Meckling, W.H. (1976), Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure, Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360.
  75. [75]  Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R.W. (1986), Large shareholders and corporate control, Journal of Political Economy, 94(3), 461-488.
  76. [76]  Gyapong, E., Ahmed, A., Ntim, C.G., and Nadeem, M. (2019), Board gender diversity and dividend policy in Australian listed firms: The effect of ownership concentration, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 2, 1-40.
  77. [77]  Kao, M.F., Hodgkinson, L., and Jaafar, A. (2019), Ownership structure, board of directors and firm performance: evidence from Taiwan,~Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society,~19(1), 189-216.
  78. [78]  Saini, N. and Singhania, M. (2019), Performance relevance of environmental and social disclosures: The role of foreign ownership, Benchmarking, 26(6), 1845-1873.
  79. [79]  Zaid, M.A.A., Abuhijleh, S.T.F., and Pucheta-Mart{i}nez, M.C. (2020), Ownership structure, stakeholder engagement, and corporate social responsibility policies: The moderating effect of board independence, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(3), 1344-1360.
  80. [80]  Alfariz, R. and Widiastuti, H. (2021), The influence of media exposure , managerial ownership , and the indonesia sustainability reporting award on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure, Advances in Economics Business and Management Research, 176, 259-266.
  81. [81]  Budiharta, P. (2020), The influence of board of directors, managerial ownership, and audit committee on carbon emission disclosure: A study of non-financial companies listed on BEI, Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 9(3), 75-87.
  82. [82]  Giannarakis, G., Andronikidis, A., and Sariannidis, N. (2019), Determinants of environmental disclosure: Investigating new and conventional corporate governance characteristics, Annals of Operations Research, 6(2), 1-19.
  83. [83]  Levitsky, S. and Murillo, M.V. (2009), Variation in institutional strength, Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 115-133.
  84. [84]  Van Oenen, G. (2001), Citizenship and ``informal rule of law.'' How lax enforcement can sustain the rule of law, Annual Meeting of Latin American Student Association.
  85. [85]  FDES. (2013), Framework for the development of environment statistics, United Nations Economic and Social Affairs.
  86. [86]  Meyer, J.W. and Rowan, B. (1977), Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony,~American Journal of Sociology,~83(2), 340-363.
  87. [87]  DiMaggio, P. and Powell, W. (1983), The iron cage revisited: institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields, American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147-160.
  88. [88]  La Porta, R., Lopez-De-Silanes, F., and Shleifer, A. (2006), What works in securities laws? Journal of Finance, 61(1), 1-32.
  89. [89]  Houqe, M.N., van Zijl, T., Dunstan, K., and Karim, A.K.M.W. (2012), The effect of IFRS adoption and investor protection on earnings quality around the world, The International Journal of Accounting, 47(3), 333-355.
  90. [90]  Tsalavoutas, I. (2011), Transition to IFRS and compliance with mandatory disclosure requirements: What is the signal?, Advances in Accounting, 27(2), 390-405.
  91. [91]  Yeoh, J. (2005), Compliance with mandatory disclosure requirements by New Zealand listed companies,~Advances in International Accounting,~18, 245-262.
  92. [92]  Masud, A.K., Nurunnabi, M., and Bae, S.M. (2018), The effects of corporate governance on environmental sustainability reporting: Empirical evidence from South Asian countries, Asian Journal of Sustainability and Social Responsibility, 3(3), 1-26.
  93. [93]  Udo, E.J. (2019), Environmental accounting disclosure practices in annual reports of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria,~International Journal of Accounting and Finance,~8(1), 1-20.
  94. [94]  Uwuigbe, U. and Ajibolade, S. (2013), Effects of corporate governance on corporate social and environmental disclosure among listed firms in Nigeria, European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(5), 76-92.
  95. [95]  Allegrini, M. and Greco, G. (2013). Corporate boards, audit committees and voluntary disclosure: Evidence from Italian Listed Companies. Journal of Management and Governance, 17(1), 187-216.
  96. [96]  Ofoegbu, G.N. and Megbuluba, A. (2016), Corporate environmental accounting information disclosure in the Nigeria manufacturing firms, International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 5(12), 12.
  97. [97]  Guping, C., Sial, M.S., Wan, P., Badulescu, A., Badulescu, D., and Brugni, T.V. (2020), Do board gender diversity and non-executive directors affect CSR reporting? Insight from agency theory perspective, Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(20), 1-25.
  98. [98]  Jibril, R.S., Usman, M., and Kibiya, I.U. (2022), Audit committee characteristics and environmental disclosure of Nigerian listed, TSU-International Journal OfAccounting and Finance, 1(2), 25-41.
  99. [99]  Muhammad, S., Jibril, R.S., Wambai, U., Ibrahim, F.B., and Ahmad, T.H. (2015), The effect of working capital management on corporate profitability: Evidence from Nigerian food product firms,~Applied Finance and Accounting,~1(2), 55-63.
  100. [100]  Maigoshi, Z.S. (2017), Related party transaction disclosure: compliance, determinants, value-relevance and real earnings management. In University/ PhD thesis.
  101. [101]  Modigliani, F. and Miller, H.M. (1958), The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment, American Economic Review, 48(3), 261-297.
  102. [102]  Wahab, A.E.A., Haron, H., Lok, C.L., Yahya, S., Aswadi, E., Wahab, A.E.A., Haron, H., Lok, C.L., and Yahya, S. (2011), Does corporate governance matter? Evidence from related party transactions in Malaysia, Advances in Climate Change Research, 14, 131-164.
  103. [103]  B{e}dard, J. and Gendron, Y. (2010), Strengthening the financial reporting system: Can audit committees deliver?, International Journal of Auditing, 14(2), 174-210.
  104. [104]  Black, B. and Kim, W. (2012), The effect of board structure on firm value: A multiple identification strategies approach using Korean data, Journal of Financial Economics, 104(1), 203-226.
  105. [105]  Barnett, M.L. and Salomon, R.M. (2012), Does it pay to be really good? Addressing the shape of the relationship between social and financial performance, Strategic Management Journal, 33(11), 1304-1320.
  106. [106]  Meier, O. and Schier, G. (2017), The effect of CEO ownership on corporate social responsibility,~Accounting Auditing Control,~23(3), 97-134.
  107. [107]  Khalid, T.B., Kouhy, R., and Hassan, A. (2017), The impact of corporate characteristics on social and environmental disclosure (CSED): The case of Jordan,~Journal of Accounting and Auditing, 3(1), 1-29.
  108. [108]  Brahmana, R.K., Tan, M.Y., and You, H.W. (2018), Corporate environmental disclosure and earning management,~International Journal of Green Economics,~12(3-4), 308-321.
  109. [109]  Garcia-Torea, N., Fernandez-Feijoo, B., and de la Cuesta-Gonz{a}lez, M. (2017), The influence of ownership structure on the transparency of CSR reporting: empirical evidence from Spain, Spanish Journal of Finance and Accounting, 46(3), 249-271.
  110. [110]  Halliday, C.S., Paustian-Underdahl, S.C., and Fainshmidt, S. (2021), Women on boards of directors: A meta-analytic examination of the roles of organizational leadership and national context for gender equality,~Journal of Business and Psychology, 36, 173-191.
  111. [111]  Financial Reporting Council. (2018), Nigerian Code of Corporate Governance. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201200111
  112. [112]  Jibril, R.S., Salihi, A.A., and Bello, K.H. (2017), International financial reporting standards (IFRS) adoption and earnings management of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria, Nigerian Journal of Accounting and Finance, 9(2), 134-151.
  113. [113]  Mohd-Said, R., Shen, L.T., Nahar, H.S., and Senik, R. (2018), Board compositions and social reporting: Evidence from Malaysia, International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 10(2), 128-143.
  114. [114]  Fahad, P. and Rahman, P.M. (2020), Impact of corporate governance on CSR disclosure,~International Journal of Disclosure and Governance,~17(2-3), 155-167.
  115. [115]  Osemene, O.F. and Fagbemi, T.O. (2019), A study of the relationship between corporate governance and environmental reporting in Nigeria's listed consumer goods companies, Fountain University Osogbo Journal of Management, 4(3), 1-22.
  116. [116]  Chaq, V.C. and Wahyudin, A. (2020), The effect of earnings management, managerial ownership, and firm size on environmental disclosure with environmental performance as moderating variable,~Accounting Analysis Journal,~9(1), 8-14.
  117. [117]  SEC. (2021), Nigeria guidelines on sustainable financial principles for the Nigerian capital market April, 1-10.
  118. [118]  Jibril, R.S., Isa, M.A., Maigoshi, Z.S., and Hamid, K.T. (2023), Audit committee attributes, board of director's independence and energy disclosure for environmental sustainability in Nigeria, International Journal of Innovation Science. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-08-2022-0149.

Copyright © 2011-2023 L & H Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved. Wildcard SSL Certificates