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ISSN:2325-6192 (print)
ISSN:2325-6206 (online)
Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management
António Mendes Lopes (editor), Jiazhong Zhang(editor)
António Mendes Lopes (editor)

University of Porto, Portugal

Email: aml@fe.up.pt

Jiazhong Zhang (editor)

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China

Fax: +86 29 82668723 Email: jzzhang@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

Spatial Analyses of An Integrated Landscape-seascape Territorial System: The Case of The Overcrowded Gulf of Naples, Southern Italy

Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management 6(4) (2018) 365--380 | DOI:10.5890/JEAM.2018.12.009

Luca Appolloni$^{1}$,$^{2}$, Roberto Sandulli$^{1}$,$^{2}$, Carlo Nike Bianchi$^{3}$, Giovanni Fulvio Russo$^{1}$,$^{2}$

$^{1}$ Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Centro Direzionale, Isola C4, 80143 Napoli, Italy

$^{2}$ CoNISMa, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00197 Rome, Italy

$^{3}$ Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy

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Abstract

Landscape ecology investigates spatial patterns of natural and anthropogenic ecosystems (anthromes). However, most studies were focused on terrestrial environment, while submarine landscape (seascape) was poorly taken into account. This study represents a first attempt to perform an integrated landscape/seascape spatial analysis of the densely populated Gulf of Naples. Multivariate analyses on landscape metrics were used to detect differences in the spatial patterns of ecosystem patches between landscape and seascape and to compare the effects of anthropogenic impact in terms of spatial heterogeneity. Results showed that landscape, mainly composed by humans perturbed ecosystems, presents higher patch edge dimension, diversity and evenness, and a lower fractal dimension than seascape. Significant differences on edges, diversity metrics, and heterogeneity among patches were also detected between land- and seascape. Landscape showed low γ-variability (a measure of heterogeneity) due to the highly homogenous distribution of ecosystem patches, a characteristic feature of impacted anthropogenic system with low resilience. Conversely, seascape showed high γ-variability, a feature of systems with low anthropogenic impact and high resilience. These outcomes suggest that anthropogenic impact on integrated territorial systems is inversely related to γ-variability, and consequently to resilience. In addition, they also suggest that seascape is more resilient than landscape, also in a highly exploited and overcrowded territorial system like the Gulf of Naples. Such findings can also be useful in support of environmental accounting and management at landscape scale.

Acknowledgments

This work is part of Luca Appolloni Ph.D. thesis (2013-2015), financially supported by a scholarship of Italian Ministry of Education (MIUR) and by National Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Sciences (CoNISMa).

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