Skip Navigation Links
Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity

Dimitry Volchenkov (editor), Dumitru Baleanu (editor)

Dimitry Volchenkov(editor)

Mathematics & Statistics, Texas Tech University, 1108 Memorial Circle, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA

Email: dr.volchenkov@gmail.com

Dumitru Baleanu (editor)

Cankaya University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Space Sciences, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania

Email: dumitru.baleanu@gmail.com


Non-Fragile Projective Synchronization of Fractional-Order Neural Networks with Proportional and Mixed Delays via Memory-Based Sampled-Data Control

Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity 15(3) (2026) 395--411 | DOI:10.5890/DNC.2026.09.008

G. Pavithra, S. Dharani

Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore - 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India

Download Full Text PDF

 

Abstract

This work delves into the non-fragile projective synchronization (PS) of fractional-order neural networks (FONNs) with proportional and mixed-delay under a memory-based sampled-data (MSD) control framework. We build an MSD controller with norm-bounded uncertainty to accomplish synchronization in the addressed FONN systems. A suitable Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) is developed, taking sampling instants into account when mixed delays are present. To provide adequate criteria for the asymptotic stability of the synchronization error system(ES) using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), the fractional integral inequality is employed. Numerical modeling is provided to present the benefits and applicability of the suggested procedure.

References

  1. [1]  Podlubny, I. (1998), Fractional Differential Equations: An Introduction to Fractional Derivatives, Their Methods of Solution and Some of Their Applications, Academic Press, 340.
  2. [2]  Agrawal, S.K. and Srivastava, M. (2012), Synchronization of fractional order chaotic systems using active control method, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 45(6), 737-752.
  3. [3]  Baluni, S., Das, S., Yadav, V.K., and Cao, J. (2022), Lagrange $\alpha$-exponential synchronization of non-identical fractional-order complex-valued neural networks, Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 41(10), 5632-5652.
  4. [4]  Cao, Y., Dharani, S., Sivakumar, M., Cader, A., and Nowicki, R. (2025), Mittag-Leffler synchronization of generalized fractional-order reaction-diffusion networks via impulsive control, Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research, 15(1), 25-36.
  5. [5]  Dadras, S., Momeni, H.R., Qi, G., and Wang, Z.L. (2012), Four-wing hyperchaotic attractor generated from a new 4D system with one equilibrium and its fractional-order form, Nonlinear Dynamics, 67, 1161-1173.
  6. [6]  Huang, C. and Cao, J. (2020), Bifurcation mechanisation of a fractional-order neural network with unequal delays, Neural Processing Letters, 52, 1171-1187.
  7. [7]  Rakkiyappan, R., Velmurugan, G., and Cao, J. (2015), Stability analysis of memristor-based fractional-order neural networks with different memductance functions, Cognitive Neurodynamics, 9, 145-177.
  8. [8]  Sheu, L.J. (2011), A speech encryption using fractional chaotic systems, Nonlinear Dynamics, 65, 103-108.
  9. [9]  Yadav, V.K., Kumar, R., Leung, A.Y.T., and Das, S. (2019), Dual phase and dual anti-phase synchronization of fractional order chaotic systems in real and complex variables with uncertainties, Chinese Journal of Physics, 57, 282-308.
  10. [10]  Zeng, C., Yang, Q., and Wang, J. (2011), Chaos and mixed synchronization of a new fractional-order system with one saddle and two stable node-foci, Nonlinear Dynamics, 65, 457-466.
  11. [11]  Vishal, K., Agrawal, S.K., and Kumar, L. (2023), On the synchronization of a novel fractional order chaotic system using nonlinear control method, Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity, 12(3), 685-699.
  12. [12]  Khan, A., Jahanzaib, L.S., and Trikha, P. (2022), Chaos control, quad-compound anti-synchronization, analysis and application on novel fractional chaotic system, Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity, 11(3), 435-457.
  13. [13]  Ganesan, A. and Nallasamy, B. (2023), Finite-time stability of impulsive fractional-order time delay systems with damping behavior, Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity, 12(1), 23-33.
  14. [14]  Ma, X. and Li, H. (2025), Robust cluster synchronization of Boolean networks with function perturbation, Journal of the Franklin Institute, 562, 107536.
  15. [15]  Pavithra, G. and Dharani, S. (2025), Global Mittag-Leffler projective synchronization of distinct fractional-order delayed neural networks with inconsistent orders and interaction terms via integral sliding mode control, Neural Processing Letters, 57(4), 73.
  16. [16]  Zhu, Y.R., Wang, J.L., and Han, X. (2024), Lag synchronization for coupled neural networks with multistate or multiderivative couplings, Neurocomputing, 591, 127766.
  17. [17]  Cheng, Y., Shi, Y., and Guo, J. (2024), Exponential synchronization of quaternion-valued memristor-based Cohen–Grossberg neural networks with time-varying delays: norm method, Cognitive Neurodynamics, 18(4), 1943-1953.
  18. [18]  Liao, T.L. and Tsai, S.H. (2000), Adaptive synchronization of chaotic systems and its application to secure communications, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 11(9), 1387-1396.
  19. [19]  Ansari, M.S.H. and Malik, M. (2024), Projective synchronization of fractional order quaternion valued uncertain competitive neural networks, Chinese Journal of Physics, 88, 740-755.
  20. [20]  Hua, W., Wang, Y., Yang, X., and Zhang, X. (2025), Projection synchronization of multi-link coupled memristive neural networks affected by leakage and transmission delays, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 140, 108418.
  21. [21]  Jia, L., Lei, Z., Wang, C., Zhou, Y., Jiang, T., Du, Y., and Zhang, Q. (2023), Projection synchronization of functional fractional-order neural networks with variable coefficients, Journal of Applied Analysis and Computation, 13(2), 1070-1087.
  22. [22]  Shukla, V.K. (2024), Finite-time generalized and modified generalized projective synchronization between chaotic and hyperchaotic systems with external disturbances, Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity, 13(1), 157-172.
  23. [23]  Mahammad, K. and Khuddush, K.R.P. (2023), Stability analysis and almost periodic solutions for quaternion-valued cellular neural networks with leakage term on time scales, Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity, 12(4), 757-774.
  24. [24]  Wu, K., Tang, M., and Ren, H. (2025), Mittag-Leffler projective synchronization of Caputo fractional-order reaction–diffusion memristive neural networks with multi-type time delays, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 108934.
  25. [25]  Zhao, H., Zhou, L., Liu, A., Niu, S., Gao, X., Zong, X., and Li, L. (2025), A novel predefined-time projective synchronization strategy for multi-modal memristive neural networks, Cognitive Neurodynamics, 19(1), 1-14.
  26. [26]  Ansari, M.S.H. and Malik, M. (2024), Projective synchronization of fractional order quaternion valued uncertain competitive neural networks, Chinese Journal of Physics, 88, 740-755.
  27. [27]  Weng, H., Yang, Y., Hao, R., and Liu, F. (2024), Finite-time projective synchronization in fractional-order inertial memristive neural networks: a novel approach to image encryption, Fractal and Fractional, 8(11).
  28. [28]  Zhou, J., Li, D., Chen, G., and Wen, S. (2024), Projective synchronization for distinct fractional-order neural networks consist of inconsistent orders via sliding mode control, Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 133, 107986.
  29. [29]  Yang, D., Ren, G., Wang, H., Yu, Y., and Yuan, X. (2023), Adaptive control for output projective synchronization of fractional-order hybrid coupled neural networks with mismatched dimensions, Neurocomputing, 558, 126738.
  30. [30]  Wan, Y., Cao, J., and Wen, G. (2016), Quantized synchronization of chaotic neural networks with scheduled output feedback control, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 28(11), 2638-2647.
  31. [31]  Mou, C., Jiang, C.S., Bin, J., and Wu, Q.X. (2009), Sliding mode synchronization controller design with neural network for uncertain chaotic systems, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 39(4), 1856-1863.
  32. [32]  Zhang, H. and Zeng, Z. (2019), Synchronization of nonidentical neural networks with unknown parameters and diffusion effects via robust adaptive control techniques, IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 51(2), 660-672.
  33. [33]  Rakkiyappan, R., Dharani, S., and Zhu, Q. (2015), Synchronization of reaction–diffusion neural networks with time-varying delays via stochastic sampled-data controller, Nonlinear Dynamics, 79(1), 485-500.
  34. [34]  Sivaranjani, K., Sivakumar, M., Dharani, S., Loganathan, K., and Ngmgyel, N. (2021), Nonfragile synchronization of semi-Markovian jumping neural networks with time delays via sampled-data control and application to chaotic systems, Journal of Mathematics, 2021(1), 2562227.
  35. [35]  Liu, Y., Guo, B.Z., Park, J.H., and Lee, S.M. (2016), Nonfragile exponential synchronization of delayed complex dynamical networks with memory sampled-data control, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 29(1), 118-128.
  36. [36]  Shi, K., Wang, J., Zhong, S., Tang, Y., and Cheng, J. (2020), Non-fragile memory filtering of TS fuzzy delayed neural networks based on switched fuzzy sampled-data control, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 394, 40-64.
  37. [37]  Li, L., Liu, X., Tang, M., Zhang, S., and Zhang, X.M. (2021), Asymptotical synchronization analysis of fractional-order complex neural networks with non-delayed and delayed couplings, Neurocomputing, 445, 180-193.
  38. [38]  Xie, L. (1996), Output feedback H$\infty$ control of systems with parameter uncertainty, International Journal of Control, 63(4), 741-750.
  39. [39]  Boyd, S., El Ghaoui, L., Feron, E., and Balakrishnan, V. (1994), Linear Matrix Inequalities in System and Control Theory, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
  40. [40]  Kiruthika, R., Krishnasamy, R., Lakshmanan, S., Prakash, M., and Manivannan, A. (2023), Non-fragile sampled-data control for synchronization of chaotic fractional-order delayed neural networks via LMI approach, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, 169, 113252.
  41. [41]  Yu, J., Hu, C., Jiang, H., and Fan, X. (2014), Projective synchronization for fractional neural networks, Neural Networks, 49, 87-95.
  42. [42]  Zhao, W., Feng, W., and Ge, C. (2024), H$\infty$ synchronization for chaotic Lur’e system with uncertainty based on memory-based sampled-data control, IEEE Access, 12, 20471-20478.
  43. [43]  Cao, Y., Udhayakumar, K., Veerakumari, K.P., and Rakkiyappan, R. (2022), Memory sampled data control for switched-type neural networks and its application in image secure communications, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 201, 564-587.