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ISSN:2164-6376 (print)
ISSN:2164-6414 (online)
Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity

Dimitry Volchenkov (editor), Dumitru Baleanu (editor)

Dimitry Volchenkov(editor)

Mathematics & Statistics, Texas Tech University, 1108 Memorial Circle, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA

Email: dr.volchenkov@gmail.com

Dumitru Baleanu (editor)

Cankaya University, Ankara, Turkey; Institute of Space Sciences, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania

Email: dumitru.baleanu@gmail.com

Dynamical Study of a Predator-Prey Model Including Allee Effect, Prey Group Defence, and Extra Food for the Predators

Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity 15(2) (2026) 281--292 | DOI:10.5890/DNC.2026.06.011

B. Ramesh, K. Ramesh

$^1$ Department of Mathematics, AVN Institute of Engineering and Technology, Koheda Road, Ibrahimpatnam, Hyderabad-501510, Telangana, India

$^2$ Department of Mathematics, Anurag University, Venkatapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500088, India

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Abstract

The paper introduces a prey-predator scheme which involves the Allee effect and prey group defence, two important ecological phenomena that can coexist. Also, we let generalist predators have access to a different food source, which modifies their carrying capacity. Near the equilibrium points, we thoroughly examine the qualitative behaviours of the suggested model. The model is refined to better capture real-world predator-prey dynamics by integrating the Allee effect and collective defense mechanisms. Research into stability criteria, bifurcation events, and equilibrium points helps fill gaps in our understanding of ecological system dynamics. This work highlights the significance of considering intricate connections when simulating ecosystems, particularly in relation to predator-prey dynamics. To deepen our understanding of these systems, future research may investigate additional ecological factors. Finally, our study contributes to ecological modelling by elucidating key dynamics and providing insights into predator-prey system behaviour in different contexts. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the model to improve our understanding of ecological systems with complex interdependencies, focussing on how the Allee effect in prey and extra food for predators affect the system dynamics.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading, valuable comments and helpful suggestions, which have helped them to improve the presentation of this work significantly. The authors are also thankful to the Anurag University, India for providing necessary support.

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